Aaki HH  d HHHHff@ d' Footnote TableFootnote*w*. . / - :;,.!?-ljmx3 _-R- _GryhlldLOT TableTitlealiLOFFiguredObTOC1Heading2Heading3Heading   EquationVariablesla  +       -     <$paratext[Title]> <$paratext[1Heading]> <$curpagenum><$lastpagenum><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>;<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> <$hour>:<$minute00> <$ampm>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>K> (Continued)+ (Sheet <$tblsheetnum> of <$tblsheetcount>)Pagepage <$pagenum>Heading & Page <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>Section & Page%Section<$paranum> on page<$pagenum>See Heading & Page%See <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>. Table & Page7Table<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum>l Figure & Pagea8Figure<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear> <$fullfilename> <$filename> <$marker1>ri <$marker2>  +l   l  IXl ::A l TOCatel pagAml l r>l $yeAl >, yel m>LOF"l ""LOTl >>et Abl ++>)Al ,,Heinl A8geAa U %  Uo Vo W  X Yn Z< [p \ ]a ^a _r `e a ba cn da e! f" g> he$ io% jm k' li( m n * oi+ pr, q- r. s/ t0 u vZ w: x y5 z  { | }9 ~: ; <    ? @ A B C OD  F G >H bI    b   % o1.  A  T U V W X Y 2. e \ a n a_ ` a >b ec od me f ig     i r  m   p q :r  s t u v w    { | } ~     & O $ ' 0 >1 b3 4 5  |   }  % o  A     c     T  < 8   p       9  :      U  ;        R V  [  \  b c      =  >    '    ?   I   A            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * J + N , O -[ .\ / 0 1 2{ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J KX LY M  N O S P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i! j" k# l$ m% n o pM q r  s t u v ( w y z {q |1 }2 ~     N O  3. V & d Y + [ X_ Yn  T h Si p  q  r  s k l r               Z       ! " # $ \ %   M      (    q 1 2      N O  .      X U Y V  Z  [ S  \         _     a  b  c  d  i    ,  .  0  j  n  o  p  q  ! " # $ %   M    ]  d   ( . / 0 q' 1( 2; < = > ? @ NA OB C .D      XJ Y O  S        I;6d3 mad4 m  d5 m0 ,H 6 s+ H "UUh i98 #  HH7 s HHA ,UU` {7 d +` D (@UU` < .LUU` <K/*********************** Basic integer types ***************************** XUU` <** >dUU` ~<>** The following defines the basic fixed-size integer types. pUU` <** |UU` <K** Implementations are free to typedef them to Standard C integer types or UU` p<K** extensions that they support. If an implementation does not support one  UU` <N** of the particular integer data types below, then it should not define the UU` <8** typedefs and macros corresponding to that data type. UU` <** UU` <5L** intmax_t and uintmax_t are to be the longest (in number of bits) signed +ĪUU` <@** and unsigned integer types supported by the implementation. ЪUU` <** ܪUU` <M** intptr_t and uintptr_t are signed and unsigned integer types large enough 誛UU` <L** to hold any data pointer; that is, data pointers can be assigned into or **UU` UU` /* the most efficient unsigned integer of at least 16 bits */ ~UU` < typedef ? uint_fast16_t; "}UU` /* the most efficient unsigned integer of at least 32 bits */ ^xUU` < gtypedef ? uint_fast32_t; jwUU` s iH  UUh ^8nt  #  H$ ?s H$  lUU` k8~ UUHH@n HH esUU` `7 o tH As tH siUU` b9  tH$@3R `@Bn- H$@3R `@H-H-DFootnotedel Cn il  eg` _5bi"<$paranum><$paratext><$pagenum> UU` l6; "<$paranum><$paratext><$pagenum> "UU` q6"<$paranum><$paratext><$pagenum> l ary `@Dn l ary `@l l DTable of Contents Specification7s dEmosl uFn l u ` \F ^ Level2IX #` cF Level1IX ?` rF  1, 23 %` sF$<$symbols><$numerics><$alphabetics> :` tGLSymbols[\ ];Numerics[0];A;B;C;D;E;F;G;H;I;J;K;L;M;N;O;P;Q;R;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z E` uF t <$pagenum> R` z5 lm^- `@Gn lm^- `@llDIndex SpecificationndHm l In  l  ` f5ra"<$paranum><$paratext><$pagenum> l ar, `@J n nl ar, `@l l DList of Figures SpecificationrdK!mr"# l L"n#! l  ` g5"<$paranum><$paratext><$pagenum> l ar| `@M#n"! l ar| `@l l DList of Tables Specificationl1dN$m%%s>nuHHO%s$ HH' 6K;UU` v/* the most efficient unsigned integer of at least 64 bits */ UU` <typedef ? uint_fast64_t; *UU` UU` UU` UU` UU` =UU` < #define PRIxLEAST64lx JUU` UU` jUU` < d nJUU` > 9 THH >n= lHH en` V= U` = b r(` = e t8` =L John W Kwan H` W=LHewlett-Packard Company s X` [=eaCupertino, California h` a=n +1 408 447 6442 plx` = semail : jkwan@cup.hp.com s` N= 9 ` s=yt g` D7Acknowledgement arԪUU 7 mkThe idea of L7 grew out of discussions in an industry group originally formed to address har઩UU 7stlthe problem of mapping the Lint7 data type in 64-bit machines. Many people participated in that group 쪨UU 7`and contributed ideas for such a header, including representatives from Amdahl, Apple, DEC, Hal aUU 7 ]Computer, HP, IBM, SGI/Mips, Sun and SPARC International. Additional ideas came from members UU 7^of the Numerical C Extension Group (NCEG) of X3J11 and other members of X3J11. In particular, UU 7ZRon Guilmette, Tom MacDonald, Frank Farance, Rex Jaeschke, David Keaton, Jim Thomas, Fred UU 7 W`Tydeman, Jeffery Zeeb and Jonathan Ziebell reviewed earlier versions of this paper and provided a (UU 7n Zvaluable suggestions. Special thanks to Randy Meyers of Digital Equipment Corporation who 4UU 7ytcprovided the macros for the formatted I/O specification and who collaborated with me on an earlier ew @UU@ 7 iversion of this paper. alTUU` 7ss rd`@mgAAty iHHaAn@ HH -ri` Dch Introduction uUU 7esbThe C Standard specifies that the language should support four, signed and unsigned, integer data (UU 7ontypes, Lchar7,L short7, Lint7 and Llong7. However, the Standard places very little requirement on their n 4UU 7}size (number of bits) other than that Lint7 and Lshort 7be at least 16-bits and Llong7 be at least as long y@UU 7b las Lint7 and not smaller than 32-bits. Traditionally (i.e. under Kernighan and Ritchie), C had always geLUU 7anoassumed that Lint7 is the most efficient (i.e. the fastest) integer data type on a machine, and Standard ed XUU 7anaC, with its integral promotion rule, tacitly continues this assumption. For 16-bit systems, most dUU 7implementations assign 8, 16, 16 and 32 bits to Lchar7, Lshort7,L int7, and Llong, 7respectively. For 32-pUU 7gbit systems, the common practice is to assign 8, 16, 32 and 32 bits to these types. This difference in age|UU Lurcint7 size can create some interesting problems for users who migrate from one system to another 7UU 7. bwhich assigns different sizes to integral types, because Standard Cs integral promotion rule can UU@ 7 t%produce silent changes unexpectedly. UU` d7!Consider the following example : UU` j i) iUU` 7. This header defines, via Ltypedef7, integer ABUU y7onjtypes of various sizes; implementations are free to Ltypedef7 them to integer types, including well NUU@ y7 p(defined extensions, that they support. erd LeftdRightnsodhi Referenceyy d TTOCsd xIXded mLOFfd!leLOT d@isd  xFirstt pd  cdemd$ssd&p d(pod*UUd3 shd5 ged7 ard9First7e d=deFirstr16stf<@ e$tys.H. isr programaprogram . gefDP  ,HeadinglBody. fHQ  1Heading H:. iBody. ey$fSA !$LO FirstStep S:.\tStep. fP  TitleAuthor. fP  7SubTitleAuthor. f   CellBullet Bullet Symbol\t. fHQ  2Heading H:. Body. @8    Header/Footer. fP VersionAuthor. $$f CStep. f Footnote. fP  HeadingBody. 666f Extract. fHP   3HeadingH:.. Body. f CellBody. fE Equation E:(EQ ). f@ $Hfprogramprogram.  fT   TableTitleT:TABLE . . $fS $Step S:.\t. 6$fS! 6SubStep S:< >.\t. f   CellHeading. $f $BulletDingbatso\t. f  TableFootnote. $$f CBulletT. fDHQ  f1Heading H:. 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